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The aim of this project is to review and critically assess the current survey methods used to measure police performance in common law jurisdictions. The fact that police undertake a broad array of work calls for a multidimensional approach to measuring police performance. Both direct and indirect measures need to be used to evaluate police performance. Measurements of police performance through public opinion polling may be distinguished in two kinds: general and specific questions on satisfaction with police. The general questions on satisfaction with police are important to ask on surveys, but tend to be too general to understand that about which citizens are content or discontent when it comes to the police. The questions also tend to be unstandardized, inconsistent, and at times, have poor choice of wording on questions and response categories, making comparisons across time and place impossible. The specific questions on police performance tend to be used on surveys in an arbitrary manner, often without proper understanding of the meaning of the question and responses.
Numerous polling questions related to policing are currently asked in Canada and around the world on polls, all of which measure similar concepts (see illustrative examples of these questions in the Appendix). However, the wording and categorization of the questions are different across Canada, making comparing the questions across times and places exceedingly difficult. Further, the validity and reliability of these questions has rarely been tested. It is the intent of this paper to discuss those metrics and to contribute further to the pool of knowledge on police performance metrics gathered through public opinion polling.
Surveys can be a rich source of indicators that measure police performance. They may be administered by police jurisdictions, other state or provincial law enforcement authorities, academics, public opinion polling companies, or national institutions collecting statistical data. Surveys can be a very powerful tool to collect data that would supplement the traditional measures of police performance. The types of questions asked on surveys depend on which dimension of police work the researcher is attempting to measure. The wording of questions and their placement within the survey influence the answers of the respondents.
Other than the six questions on the GSS, the majority of municipal police services commission their own annual or bi-annual public opinion community surveys that include numerous general and specific police performance questions. Questions asked on surveys on multiple municipal police forces in Canada were reviewed at the time of writing this paper and can be viewed in the Appendix. Even a quick overview of the questions reveals that most of the questions that are supposed to measure similar concepts have different wording of the questions and the categorization, as well as different scales for responses (i.e., four- versus five-point scales).
This table represents some of the questions on police performance that are asked on public opinion polls. It is not meant to be exhaustive, but to provide the reader with the idea on wording and categorization used by the polls. In some instances, the exact categorization of response items is not publically available. 2ff7e9595c
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