Cocaine is generally sold on the street as a fine, white, crystalline powder, known as "coke," "C," "snow," "flake," or "blow." Street dealers generally dilute it with such inert substances as cornstarch, talcum powder, and/or sugar, or with such active drugs as procaine (a chemically-related local anesthetic) or with such other stimulants as amphetamines.
How To Turn Coke Into Crack With Ammonia
Crack is the street name given to the freebase form of cocaine that has been processed from the powdered cocaine hydrochloride form to a smokable substance. The term "crack" refers to the crackling sound heard when the mixture is smoked. Crack cocaine is processed with ammonia or sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) and water, and heated to remove the hydrochloride.
The principal routes of cocaine administration are oral, intranasal, intravenous, and inhalation. The slang terms for these routes are, respectively, "chewing," "snorting," "mainlining" or "injecting," and "smoking" (including freebase and crack cocaine). Snorting is the process of inhaling cocaine powder through the nostrils, where it is absorbed into the bloodstream through the nasal tissues. Injecting releases the drug directly into the bloodstream, and heightens the intensity of its effects. Smoking involves the inhalation of cocaine vapor or smoke into the lungs, where absorption into the bloodstream is as rapid as by injection. The drug can also be rubbed onto mucous tissues. Some users combine cocaine powder or crack with heroin in a "speedball."
Cocaine is derived from the coca plant that grows in South American countries. To make cocaine, the leaves are harvested and soaked in gasoline and other solvents to extract the chemical cocaine hydrochloride. The leaves are then drained and mixed with lime and cement to further extract the active chemical. The leaves are usually soaked again before draining a final time. Ultimately, the leaves are strained away and the resulting product is heated or dried and pressed into bricks for distribution.
To make crack cocaine, ammonia, acids, and oils are added to cocaine hydrochloride with a mixture that includes substances like baking soda. The mixture is then heated leaving a crystallized form of cocaine.
Freebasing cocaine is the process of freeing the cocaine base from the salt form in which cocaine is naturally found. While crack cocaine is produced by mixing the original cocaine with a combination of water and baking soda, freebase cocaine comes from using ammonia to extract the base.
The process of freebasing is often a key procedure during the workup chemical reaction that produces an amine. First, the amine compound is extracted into a water away from organic solvents by the addition of acid. Since it is protonated, and organic solvents are less likely to solubilize charged compounds, the amine migrates to the aqueous phase. Many compounds without amines will remain in the organic phase, although some compounds may cross into the aqueous phase as well.
The second step is to extract the amine compound back into the organic layer by treating the water with base ("freebasing"). The amine compound will now be uncharged and become resolubilized into the organic layer, away from the aqueous. Most of the non-amine compounds which crossed over into the aqueous previously will remain there, because a change of pH is unlikely to affect its phase preference.
Conversely, it is possible to take amine in the salt form, freebase it into the organic layer, and extract it back into water by acidification. This is what is often informally done by narcotic drug users. If impurities contain amines, or other pendant groups with similar pH profiles, however, they are likely to follow the desired compound through both stages of the freebasing process.
When used as a verb, it refers to smoking freebase cocaine, crack cocaine, freebase heroin or more rarely freebase PCP. Freebasing also refers to the process of freeing the active ingredients of a drug from its adulterants with which, in the slang term, it has been "cut". Adulterants are various substances which are mixed into drugs as fillers by dealers, thus increasing the amount that they can sell. Adulterants commonly include inositol and baby powder in the case of cocaine, and a wide range of substances in the case of heroin.
Freebase cocaine is produced by first dissolving cocaine hydrochloride in water. Once dissolved in water, cocaine hydrochloride (Coc HCl) dissociates into protonated cocaine ion (CocH+) and chloride ion (Cl-). Any solids that remain in the solution are not cocaine (they are part of the cut) and are removed by filtering. A base, typically ammonia (NH3) in the case of traditional "freebase" or sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) in the case of crack freebase, is added to the solution. Using ammonia as an example, the following net chemical reaction takes place:
The "traditional" procedure is dangerous because of the hazards of handling diethyl ether: it is extremely flammable, its vapors are heavier than air and can "creep" from an open bottle, and in the presence of oxygen it can form peroxides which can spontaneously combust. It is due both to these dangers and to the relative complexity of the "traditional" ammonia/ether method that the simpler "crack" method with sodium bicarbonate became the norm.
Recipes for crack cocaine are readily available online, and it's a relatively simple task to convert cocaine into crack. You only need a few household chemicals and basic chemistry knowledge [sources: Erowid, National Geographic].
Cocaine is usually smuggled into the United States across the Mexican border, often vehicles modified for maximum concealment, or even via underground tunnels, or off the coast, in small submarines. It arrives in the country in powder form and is converted to crack by the wholesaler or retailer (gangs make up most of the retail market in the United States) [source: Nixon].
Cocaine and crack cocaine are very addicting. Because the high from these drugs do not last long, those who use them need even more to get high and quickly build up a tolerance as time passes.This is especially true with crack, which provides a quicker high, so it tends to be even more habit-forming As a person begins using more of the drug, they are at greater risk for developing severe psychological problems, including addiction.
Addiction, also called a substance use disorder, is a complex condition. The condition is characterized by compulsive use of the substance even when there are negative consequences associated with its use. Someone who has a substance use disorder has problems functioning in their daily life. If a person is addicted to crack or cocaine, they may have distorted behaviors and thinking. Addiction to cocaine can alter the brain and affect areas of the brain that control:
The sooner a person struggling with a crack or cocaine addiction is ready to stop, the better. Both crack addiction treatment and cocaine addiction treatment are best handled through programs in inpatient or outpatient rehabilitation facilities. Professionals can help the person with addiction get through the often painful and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms and begin therapy for both the body and mind. Treatment programs for crack and cocaine addiction might include:
Crack cocaine is commonly smoked in a pipe with a metallic filter made from a steel wool scouring pad. We report an unusual complication of smoking crack cocaine: the aspiration and ingestion of a Brillo pad filter. A 34-year-old female presented 7 h after drinking beer and smoking crack. She was concerned that she might have inhaled the "screen" from her crack pipe, a piece of Brillo pad the size of her fingertip. She complained of "burning" in her throat, a foreign body sensation, and change in her voice, but no dyspnea, dysphagia, or abdominal pain. On physical examination, she was afebrile with a pulse of 105 beats/min and respiratory rate of 24 breaths/min. She was tearful and spoke in a whisper. There were no visible oropharyngeal burns and the lungs were clear to auscultation, but she had intermittent inspiratory stridor. The O2 saturation was 96%, and the ethanol concentration was 100 mg/dl. No foreign body or burn was seen on indirect laryngoscopy. A lateral neck x-ray study showed a normal epiglottis and no foreign body. Chest x-ray studies were unremarkable. Fiberoptic laryngoscopy showed left posterior arytenoid edema and swelling. An abdominal x-ray study revealed a foreign body in the right lower quadrant consistent with the Brillo pad filter. The next morning, the patient was asymptomatic and was discharged, recovering without sequellae. While crack pipe screen aspiration is a rarely reported event, physicians should be aware of the potential for foreign body aspiration and ingestion by this mechanism.
Many medications are under study to examine the potential for producing an anti-addiction vaccine. The cocaine vaccine works to keep the user from getting high by tricking the immune system into creating antibodies. These antibodies bond with cocaine and inhibit it from passing through the blood to the brain. This prevents the euphoric high that drives repeated use.
Step Two: Gasoline containing cocaine alkaloid is drained from metal drums and filtered into a barrel with diluted acid. The gasoline will be removed from the acid layer and sodium bicarbonate or ammonia will be added to the solution to make cocaine base.
Crack is the strongest form of cocaine and, therefore, the most dangerous. Individuals who use crack cocaine for their first time are at a high risk of overdose. Since crack is smoked rather than snorted through the nose, it produces a much more potent and immediate high compared to pure cocaine. Because crack is impure, it is much cheaper and more addictive than pure cocaine, making it even more accessible to the population. Individuals who are addicted to cocaine will turn to crack because it is more potent and costs less. 2ff7e9595c
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